Yes, you can add various items to the ribbon. This page gives you sample code for modifying the ribbon using VB.NET and C#. The class for the textbox class, as you might expect, is RibbonTextBox. Don't forget to add a command handler if you want AutoCAD to react when the user changes the text.
You can also create a new ribbon panel, add labels and buttons to it, and do practically anything else you can do manually.