In the words of CAD Manager extraordinaire Mark Kiker ....
"Don't let a management problem become a technology problem"
In other words, this sounds like a management problem. Tell the designers to not unlock these layers, problem solved.
Unless of course you have 1,500 of them and it's virtually impossible to tell who is doing it, and therefore you don't know who to write up.
On the technical side, I suppose it's possible to load 3rd party code with a reactor that can detect when a layer is modified, record the modification, and the current user at the time, to a log file. Layers cannot be locked with a password inside of ACAD. You could export those layers to a separate DWG file, then place those DWG files in a network location to which these rogue designers do not have write access, then xref them back in.